MSH2

This study developed and evaluated an optimized intramuscular patient-derived xenograft (PDX) platform for gastric cancer. The model achieved a high engraftment rate of 71.7%, significantly exceeding conventional methods. Researchers utilized whole exome sequencing to identify divergent driver mutations between fast- and slow-growing tumors. The findings suggest that PDX-guided chemotherapy selection is associated with improved progression-free survival, and that driver mutation profiles can serve as prognostic biomarkers.

This large genomic analysis of 2901 endometrial carcinomas refines molecular classification by addressing several clinical questions. The study confirms that all four mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) confer an equivalently favorable prognosis, validating dMMR status as a class-level prognostic designation. It demonstrates that the exceptional survival benefit associated with POLE-ultramutated tumors is confined to canonical exonuclease-domain hotspot mutations, excluding variants of uncertain significance. Finally, patients with TP53 mutations and high copy-number instability (CNH) are identified as having the most urgent unmet therapeutic need.

The FIGO staging system for endometrial cancer underwent a significant revision in 2023, incorporating refined anatomical criteria and molecular determinants. This update aims to optimize adjuvant treatment selection by maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing harm. Molecular subgroups include POLEmut, p53abn, MMRd, and NSMP. The 2025 ESGO-ESTRO-ESP recommendations further enhance this framework by mandating estrogen receptor (ER) assessment within the NSMP category, identifying early-stage disease with an increased risk of recurrence and mortality.